Table of Contents
Overview
Definition of Atmospheric Science
Atmospheric science is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various physical processes. It integrates components of physics and chemistry to explore the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere, which includes the interactions of billions of molecules that are constantly in motion, colliding, and exchanging energy and momentum.[5.1] The discipline is traditionally divided into three main areas: meteorology, which focuses on short-term weather patterns; climatology, which examines long-term atmospheric trends; and aeronomy, which investigates the upper atmosphere's physics and chemistry.[5.1] Meteorology is concerned with the day-to-day changes in the atmosphere, while climatology looks at long-term patterns and their influences on the Earth's systems.[5.1] Aeronomy, a branch of both atmospheric chemistry and physics, studies phenomena such as chemical dissociation and ionization that occur in the upper layers of the atmosphere.[3.1] The field of atmospheric science has also expanded to include planetary science, allowing for the study of atmospheres beyond Earth, such as those of other planets and natural satellites within the Solar System.[3.1]Importance of Atmospheric Science
Atmospheric science plays a crucial role in addressing contemporary environmental challenges, particularly in the context of climate change and its impacts on ecosystems and human health. The integration of data science methodologies and open data has marked a transformative era in atmospheric sciences, facilitating research advancements and nurturing the next generation of scientists.[13.1] Programs such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Early-Career Faculty Innovator Program exemplify the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, bringing together researchers from various fields to tackle complex environmental issues.[14.1] Understanding global biogeochemical interactions between the atmosphere and ecosystems is essential for societal resilience in the face of climate change. This understanding is fundamental for detecting trends and predicting how climate-ecosystem feedback loops may alter atmospheric composition in the future.[15.1] The atmospheric sciences are increasingly recognized for their contributions to public services and policy formulation, particularly regarding global environmental change.[16.1] By addressing environmental issues through an interdisciplinary lens, atmospheric sciences can effectively partner with social sciences and other disciplines to consider the human implications of environmental challenges, including economic, social, and political aspects.[17.1] Moreover, atmospheric science is vital for understanding specific phenomena such as acid rain, which has significant implications for both ecosystems and human health. The pollutants that contribute to acid rain, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, are known respiratory irritants that can lead to serious health issues, including asthma and heart disease.[21.1] While acid rain itself does not directly harm humans, the pollutants associated with it can exacerbate air quality problems, leading to a cascade of health issues.[23.1] The multifaceted nature of acid rain, driven primarily by human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, underscores the need for effective mitigation strategies to protect both the environment and public health.[22.1] Additionally, climate change is affecting biodiversity by disrupting natural cycles and increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, which can lead to species extinction and human-wildlife conflict.[30.1] Thus, atmospheric science is not only essential for understanding these complex interactions but also for developing strategies to protect biodiversity and promote environmental sustainability.History
Development of Modern Meteorology
The development of modern meteorology has been significantly influenced by technological advancements and scientific curiosity over the past century. Early explorations of the atmosphere were limited by the available technology, with initial attempts to gather atmospheric data conducted using hot air balloons. Notable figures such as Glaisher and the Reverend Bertrand utilized these balloons to measure temperature and pressure at various altitudes, marking a pivotal moment in atmospheric research.[44.1] The 20th century saw transformative changes with the introduction of radar technology during World War II and the launch of the first weather satellite in 1960. These innovations provided unprecedented insights into atmospheric conditions, which laid the groundwork for the sophisticated meteorological practices of the 21st century.[64.1] The establishment of peer-reviewed journals, such as "Advances in Atmospheric Sciences," has facilitated the dissemination of research on atmospheric dynamics, physics, and chemistry, further propelling the field forward.[53.1] Technological innovations have played a crucial role in enhancing weather forecasting capabilities. The integration of real-time data collection methods, including automated weather stations and satellite systems, has allowed meteorologists to monitor and predict weather patterns with greater accuracy and detail.[66.1] The ability to gather data from multiple sources simultaneously has transformed the forecasting process, enabling more reliable predictions of severe weather events.[65.1] Moreover, advancements in remote sensing technologies, such as improved spectral measurements and data processing techniques, have significantly enhanced the accuracy and resolution of atmospheric observations.[56.1] These developments have not only improved the understanding of weather systems but have also contributed to the assessment of air quality and climate dynamics.[54.1] As the field continues to evolve, the ongoing quest to understand atmospheric processes and mitigate the impacts of air pollutants and greenhouse gases remains a central focus of atmospheric science.[67.1] The combination of scientific inquiry and technological progress is expected to further refine meteorological practices, ultimately leading to a more comprehensive understanding of the Earth's atmosphere and its complex interactions.[68.1]In this section:
Branches Of Atmospheric Science
Atmospheric Chemistry
Atmospheric chemistry is a critical branch of atmospheric science that focuses on the chemical processes occurring within the Earth's atmosphere. This field is essential for understanding the interactions between atmospheric composition, climate change, and air quality. The atmosphere, although relatively thin compared to the size of the Earth, plays a vital role in regulating global temperatures and climate patterns, containing a mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen and oxygen, along with trace gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.[119.1] Chemical reactions in the atmosphere can transform primary pollutants into secondary pollutants, which significantly affect air quality and public health. Pollutants like carbon monoxide and particulate matter pose challenges not only for air quality but also for environmental health, exacerbating climate change and modifying atmospheric chemistry.[117.1] The presence of these pollutants is linked to various health risks, and their impact on climate is profound, as they contribute to the greenhouse gas emissions that drive climate change.[121.1] Moreover, atmospheric chemistry encompasses the study of aerosols and their influence on weather patterns and climate systems. Aerosols play a crucial role in environmental processes, affecting both climate and air quality through their interactions with atmospheric chemistry.[100.1] The coupling of chemical, dynamical, and radiative processes can modulate climate sensitivity, highlighting the importance of a holistic view in understanding these concurrent changes.[101.1] Research in atmospheric chemistry is vital for developing strategies to mitigate the effects of air pollution and climate change. Technological and non-technological solutions are critical in managing these issues, as they can lead to significant reductions in both air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.[121.1] Understanding the complex interactions between atmospheric chemistry and physical phenomena is essential for predicting climate change and its impacts on health and ecosystems.[118.1]Atmospheric Physics
Atmospheric Physics is a critical branch of Atmospheric Science that applies the principles of physics to understand various atmospheric processes. This field encompasses the study of phenomena such as cloud formation, light scattering, and energy transfer within the atmosphere.[89.1] It is integral to the broader understanding of meteorological phenomena, which include observable weather events like hurricanes and acid rain, and involves quantifying numerous variables such as mass flow, water vapor, temperature, and air pressure.[93.1] The discipline of Atmospheric Physics also extends to the study of atmospheric chemistry, particularly in the context of how chemical reactions and physical processes interact within the atmosphere. For instance, atmospheric ionization, which occurs due to cosmic rays and solar radiation, plays a significant role in influencing cloud formation and weather patterns.[110.1] The processes of dissociation and ionization in the upper atmosphere are particularly noteworthy, as they can affect not only weather dynamics but also the behavior of satellites and other space-based technologies.[123.1] Moreover, advancements in technology, such as improved computer modeling and satellite imagery, have enhanced the capabilities of Atmospheric Physics, allowing for more accurate weather forecasting and a deeper understanding of atmospheric dynamics.[105.1] This interdisciplinary approach, which combines elements of chemistry, physics, and meteorology, is essential for addressing complex atmospheric phenomena and their implications for both the environment and technological systems.[93.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Technological Innovations in Atmospheric Research
Recent advancements in atmospheric science have been significantly influenced by the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies. These innovations have transformed traditional weather forecasting methods, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of predictions for high-impact weather events. For instance, AI algorithms are pivotal in predictive modeling, where they improve the starting conditions of predictive models through advanced data assimilation techniques. This process has been shown to significantly enhance the reliability of weather forecasts, allowing for more customized predictions tailored to specific activities and locations.[146.1] One notable example of AI's impact is the development of the Artificial Intelligence Forecasting System (AIFS) by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Launched in February 2025, the AIFS operates alongside traditional physics-based models, utilizing machine learning to provide a broader range of forecasting products. This system is designed to complement existing forecasting methods, thereby enhancing the overall predictive capabilities available to users.[142.1] Moreover, deep learning models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have been employed to analyze radar data, enabling meteorologists to predict precipitation patterns and storm movements with high spatial resolution. These AI/ML models leverage vast datasets and sophisticated algorithms, which are crucial for analyzing both short-term weather changes and long-term climate patterns.[143.1] As AI continues to evolve, its role in weather forecasting is expected to expand, providing increasingly accurate and actionable weather predictions essential for disaster management and climate research.[144.1] In addition to these advancements, probabilistic weather models like GenCast have emerged, offering global 15-day ensemble forecasts that outperform traditional operational systems. GenCast has demonstrated superior accuracy in predicting extreme weather conditions, such as high temperatures and wind speeds, by effectively capturing spatial and temporal dependencies in weather data.[145.1] This model exemplifies the potential of AI-driven approaches to enhance the precision of weather forecasts, thereby improving preparedness for severe weather events.Current Research Trends and Findings
In 2023, significant advancements in atmospheric science have been marked by the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) models that enhance weather forecasting capabilities. These AI models, including Pangu-Weather and others developed by various Chinese institutions such as Fudan University and Tsinghua University, provide supplementary information for predicting high-impact weather and climate events that traditional numerical models often struggle to simulate accurately.[129.1] The year 2023 has also been characterized by unprecedented global temperature records, with the global average temperature reaching 14.98°C, surpassing the previous record set in 2016 by 0.17°C.[137.1] This year is confirmed as the warmest on record since at least 1850, and it is estimated to be 1.48°C warmer than the pre-industrial average.[137.1] The record-high sea surface temperatures (SST) and ocean heat content (OHC) have been attributed to increased atmospheric greenhouse gases resulting from human activities, with the OHC in 2023 exceeding that of 2022 by 15 ± 10 ZJ.[131.1] Monitoring indicators for climate change impacts has become increasingly critical. The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) has updated its collection of climate indicators, which now includes metrics such as surface temperatures, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and the frequency of heat waves.[134.1] These indicators are essential for assessing the long-term impacts of climate change on health and environmental systems.[133.1] Moreover, the interplay of various climate mechanisms has been a focal point of research. For instance, anomalous warm SSTs in the Gulf Stream region have been shown to amplify atmospheric blocking events, leading to extreme weather conditions.[150.1] This aligns with findings that suggest a record-low planetary albedo in 2023 has contributed significantly to the recent temperature surge.[151.1]In this section:
Climate Change And Its Impact
Effects on Weather Patterns
Climate change has significant effects on weather patterns, leading to observable changes in various climatic conditions across the globe. The global average temperature has increased approximately 1.7°F from 1970 to 2023, and even minor changes in average temperature can result in potentially dangerous shifts in climate and weather patterns.[169.1] These shifts manifest as alterations in rainfall, which can lead to increased occurrences of floods, droughts, and intense rainfall events, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves.[169.1] Moreover, the impacts of climate change are not limited to temperature and precipitation; they also include changes in oceanic conditions. The planet's oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, while ice caps are melting, contributing to rising sea levels.[169.1] These changes are consistent with predictions made by scientists regarding the effects of global climate change, such as the loss of sea ice and accelerated sea level rise.[168.1] The role of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is crucial in understanding these weather pattern changes. Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have led to a significant increase in GHG concentrations, which enhances the natural greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming.[171.1] The current atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have reached a record high of 419.3 parts per million, which is 50 percent higher than pre-Industrial Revolution levels, and the rate of increase is about 100 times faster than natural increases observed in the past.[170.1] This increase in GHGs disrupts the Earth's energy balance, leading to alterations in climate and weather patterns at both global and regional scales.[172.1]Implications for Ecosystems and Human Societies
Human activities significantly exacerbate the effects of climate change on ecosystems and human societies, leading to a range of detrimental impacts. The alteration of natural habitats, the burning of fossil fuels, and the overconsumption of resources contribute to escalating climate change issues, which threaten global food security, damage infrastructure, harm human health, undermine biodiversity, and lead to environmental degradation.[188.1] The ongoing process of climate change affects essential resources such as water, energy, transportation, wildlife, agriculture, and human health, highlighting the interconnectedness of ecosystems and human well-being.[189.1] The complex relationships within ecosystems underscore the necessity for a comprehensive approach to conservation, as human actions often cause significant disruptions. For instance, the decline of diadromous fish species in Western Europe illustrates how habitat loss and pollution, primarily driven by human activities, adversely affect aquatic ecosystems.[190.1] Furthermore, human activities generate pollutants that contaminate air, water, and soil, severely disrupting ecosystem health. Unregulated mining and the use of pesticides and fertilizers further exacerbate these issues, leading to habitat degradation and the spread of invasive species.[192.1] Addressing these challenges requires a balanced approach to development and conservation. As urban areas continue to expand, forestry professionals and environmental advocates must prioritize sustainable practices that consider the multifaceted impacts of urbanization on ecosystems. Engaging local communities in forest management can empower them and leverage traditional knowledge, fostering more sustainable and context-sensitive practices.[191.1] The implications of climate change extend beyond environmental degradation; they also encompass significant socio-economic impacts. Ambitious climate policies, alongside economic development, education, and technological progress, are crucial for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, existing frameworks may be insufficient, necessitating additional measures such as international climate finance and improved access to modern energy to facilitate progress towards these goals while addressing climate challenges.[202.1]Methodologies In Atmospheric Science
Observational Techniques
Systematic long-term field observations have been instrumental in advancing atmospheric research, evolving from primarily characterizing atmospheric processes and trends to evaluating satellite measurements, assessing models, and improving air quality forecasts.[235.1] The integration of observational data flow with Earth system models enhances both operational and research applications, fostering user-community engagement where user experiences inform research components and mature research results are translated into operational applications.[236.1] Remote sensing technologies play a crucial role in atmospheric science by enabling the study and monitoring of the Earth's atmospheric layers, which are vital for weather forecasting and understanding climate dynamics. Techniques such as radar, lidar, and passive imaging systems are employed to analyze atmospheric gases and aerosols across various layers of the atmosphere.[237.1] The advent of satellite remote sensing monitoring (SRSM) has significantly transformed traditional monitoring limitations, particularly in terms of spatial coverage and resolution, thereby enhancing the quantification of land covers and air pollution data.[238.1] Moreover, the integration of remote sensing technologies with interdisciplinary research amplifies their effectiveness in addressing complex atmospheric challenges. This collaborative approach spans fields such as ecology, geography, environmental management, public health, and social sciences, leading to comprehensive solutions that benefit society.[239.1]Modeling and Simulation Approaches
Modeling and simulation approaches in atmospheric science encompass a variety of methodologies aimed at understanding and predicting atmospheric phenomena. These approaches include the development and assessment of numerical physical models, which are essential for simulating the complex interactions within the atmosphere. Statistical methods play a crucial role in this context, as they are employed to describe, analyze, test, and forecast atmospheric data, thereby enhancing the reliability of models used in meteorology and climatology.[210.1] Research projects in atmospheric science often utilize case studies, climatologies, model experiments, and forecasting methods. Each of these types of research is governed by specific informal rules that dictate the design and execution of the studies, ensuring that the methodologies employed are appropriate for the questions being addressed.[208.1] The evaluation of climate models is particularly important, as it involves comparing model outputs with observed climate data to assess their accuracy and reliability. This validation process is multifaceted and includes examining forecasting benchmarks and the impact of forecast errors on policy decisions.[213.1] The long-term performance of climate models is influenced by two primary factors: the accuracy of the model physics, which includes the sensitivity of the climate to external forcings, and the precision of projected changes in these external factors.[214.1] Furthermore, understanding the interactions between atmospheric components, such as radiation, chemistry, and cloud physics, is critical for accurate weather prediction and climate modeling. These interactions significantly affect weather patterns and are essential for comprehending the Earth's energy balance and hydrological cycle.[218.1] With the advent of big data and machine learning, statistical methods in atmospheric science are evolving. Machine learning techniques are increasingly being integrated into predictive applications, allowing for improved analysis of atmospheric data and the identification of complex relationships within the data. This integration enhances the capabilities of traditional statistical methods and has significant implications for future weather forecasting.[221.1]In this section:
Future Directions
Emerging Areas of Research
Recent advancements in atmospheric science have opened up several emerging areas of research that are critical for understanding and addressing climate change and its impacts. One significant area is the study of atmospheric aerosols, which are submicron particles suspended in the atmosphere that influence Earth's energy balance by scattering and absorbing solar radiation. The complexities of aerosol contributions to radiative balance have been highlighted by advancements in satellite remote sensing technologies, which now allow for aerosol-optical-depth (AOD) measurements across entire atmospheric columns. This capability provides a more accurate assessment of ground-level particulate matter exposure at high temporal resolution.[255.1] Moreover, the integration of multi-angle and polarized remote sensing observation instruments has enhanced the detection of aerosol parameters, offering new insights into their role in climate dynamics.[256.1] The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite has been instrumental in elucidating the interactions between clouds and atmospheric aerosols, furthering our understanding of their effects on weather, climate, and air quality.[257.1] In addition to aerosol research, the field is also focusing on the implications of geoengineering efforts aimed at mitigating climate change. Recent studies have raised concerns that proposed methods to remove greenhouse gases, such as methane, could inadvertently worsen air quality while providing minimal climate benefits.[252.1] This highlights the need for careful consideration of the environmental impacts of such interventions. Furthermore, the ongoing research into the impacts of climate change on various sectors, including agriculture and forestry, underscores the importance of atmospheric science in shaping effective environmental policies. The Climate Change Impacts group at UC Davis, for example, investigates how climate change affects agricultural production and ecosystem services, emphasizing the necessity for policies that address these challenges.[259.1]Challenges Facing Atmospheric Scientists
Addressing air pollution presents numerous challenges for atmospheric scientists and policymakers alike. One significant hurdle is the need for accurate monitoring of airborne pollutants, which is complicated by the complexity of these pollutants and their transboundary nature. Effective regulations must be stringent enough to significantly reduce emissions from various sources, including industrial activities, vehicles, and agriculture, while also being adaptable to new scientific findings as they emerge.[282.1] In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the challenges in implementing air quality management policies are particularly pronounced, making it difficult to realize the health benefits associated with improved air quality.[283.1] As analytical capabilities advance, new areas for targeted abatement, such as microplastics and nonexhaust emissions from road transport, have emerged. However, balancing the current state of scientific understanding with the need for legal certainty and stability in air quality regulations remains a major challenge.[284.1] Moreover, several persistent air quality management issues continue to complicate efforts in this field. These include ongoing problems with ozone and particulate matter nonattainment, heightened public concern regarding exposure to air toxics, and the relatively high background levels of air pollution, some of which result from international transport. Additionally, the interplay between air pollution and climate change adds another layer of complexity, necessitating that air quality management strategies also consider ecosystem impacts and the reciprocal effects of air pollution on climate.[285.1]In this section:
References
[3] Atmospheric science - Wikipedia — Atmospheric science - Wikipedia Atmospheric science Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of planetary science and the study of the atmospheres of the planets and natural satellites of the Solar System. Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. Related disciplines include astrophysics, atmospheric physics, chemistry, ecology, physical geography, geology, geophysics, glaciology, hydrology, oceanography, and volcanology. A branch of both atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, aeronomy contrasts with meteorology, which focuses on the layers of the atmosphere below the stratopause. In atmospheric regions studied by aeronomers, chemical dissociation and ionization are important phenomena. Atmospheric science Atmospheric science Atmospheric science Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric science
[5] Atmospheric science | Climate, Weather & Air Pollution - Britannica — atmospheric science, interdisciplinary field of study that combines the components of physics and chemistry that focus on the structure and dynamics of Earth’s atmosphere. The atmospheric sciences are traditionally divided into three topical areas—meteorology (the study and forecasting of weather), climatology (the study of long-term atmospheric patterns and their influences), and aeronomy (the study of the physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere). Scientists who investigate the physics associated with atmospheric flow are called dynamic meteorologists or simply dynamicists. When the investigation procedure involves the application of large computer models of atmospheric structure and dynamics, the scientists are called numerical modelers. Researchers who study atmospheric optical effects are referred to as physical meteorologists, while individuals who investigate the dynamics and observations of climate are called climatologists or climate scientists.
[13] Advancing Open Science in Atmospheric Research: Integrating Data ... — In the dynamic realm of atmospheric sciences, the convergence of data science methodologies and open data marks a transformative era, driving research advancements and nurturing aspiring scientists. This abstract highlights two pivotal projects that epitomize open science principles, aligning seamlessly with the session's objective of interdisciplinary synergy and the cultivation of emerging
[14] Advancing Interdisciplinary and Convergent Science for Communities ... — Abstract The authors introduce the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Early-Career Faculty Innovator Program and present lessons learned about advancing interdisciplinary and convergent science with and for society. The Innovator Program brings together faculty and students from the social sciences with NCAR researchers to conduct interdisciplinary and convergent research on problems
[15] ACP - Opinion: New directions in atmospheric research offered by ... — Abstract. The acquisition and dissemination of essential information for understanding global biogeochemical interactions between the atmosphere and ecosystems and how climate-ecosystem feedback loops may change atmospheric composition in the future comprise a fundamental prerequisite for societal resilience in the face of climate change. In particular, the detection of trends and
[16] Atmospheric Science and Public Policy | Science - AAAS — The role of atmospheric science in the provision of public services and the formulation of public policy is going through a period of reappraisal. ... particularly on issues that relate to global environmental change . The challenges are enormous and the opportunities for sustained contribution to human welfare and environmental sustainability
[17] Contributions of the Atmospheric Sciences to the National Well-Being — Role of the Atmospheric Sciences in Environmental Issues. ... Environmental issues and their potential consequences must be addressed in the context of their human implications, including economic, social, and political aspects. Thus, the atmospheric sciences become most effective as partners in interdisciplinary collaborations aimed at
[21] How Does Acid Rain Affect the Environment - Earth.Org — Acid rain and the pollutant particles of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide that it is formed from have been linked to human health problems including asthma, heart disease and eye irritation. In addition to forming acid rain, nitrogen oxides are also known to be involved in a reaction which creates tropospheric ozone which is known to cause
[22] Environmental and health effects of acid rain - ScienceDirect — Acid rain is complex and multifaceted since both natural and human-made factors contribute to the problem. While natural sources of acid rain do exist, the burning of fossil fuels by human activities is the primary cause. Fortunately, a few steps can be taken to mitigate and prevent the effects of acid rain on the environment and human health.
[23] Effects of Acid Rain | US EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — Human Health. Walking in acid rain, or even swimming in a lake affected by acid rain, is no more dangerous to humans than walking in normal rain or swimming in non-acidic lakes. However, when the pollutants that cause acid rain —SO 2 and NO X, as well as sulfate and nitrate particles— are in the air, they can be harmful to humans.
[30] How does climate change affect biodiversity? | Royal Society — Discover events, scientific meetings and exhibitions held by the Royal Society, as well as access to videos of past events and information on our venue. The Society’s medals, awards and prize lectures recognise excellence in science and technology. Explore the latest work from the Royal Society, from news stories and blog posts to policy statements and projects. There are signs that rising temperatures are affecting biodiversity, while changing rainfall patterns, extreme weather events, and ocean acidification are putting pressure on species already threatened by other human activities. To find out more: Past and future decline and extinction of species | Royal Society; Why efforts to address climate change through nature-based solutions must support both biodiversity and people | Royal Society; Amazonia’s future: Eden or degraded landscapes?
[44] The History of Atmospheric Discovery - Center for Science Education — Exploring the atmosphere was a challenge before we developed the technologies that get us there like hot air balloons, weather balloons, parachutes, dirigibles, and, eventually, planes. Glaisher was a scientist and had outfitted the balloon with instruments to make measurements at different altitudes on the way up into the atmosphere. A year after the Montgolfier brothers’ historic flight, Guyton de Moreau and the Reverend Bertrand traveled into the atmosphere above Dijon, France, aboard a hot air balloon with instruments for measuring temperature and pressure. Richard Assmann flew instruments on his Expansible and Exploding Balloons high in the atmosphere finding that, not only did air stop cooling at a certain altitude, it started to warm from 10 to 15 km in the atmosphere.
[53] Advances in Atmospheric Sciences - Wikipedia — Advances in Atmospheric Sciences is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal co-published by Springer Science+Business Media and Science Press. It covers research on the dynamics, physics and chemistry of the atmosphere and oceans, including weather systems, numerical weather prediction, climate dynamics and variability, and satellite meteorology.It was established in 1984.
[54] How Atmospheric Science Innovations are Shaping Our Future — Explore cutting-edge research at atmospheric sciences research centers by diving into studies that unravel climate dynamics, enhance weather prediction, and assess air quality. Understand the impact of advanced technologies like satellite systems and computer modeling in capturing data critical to environmental forecasting. Witness tangible applications, such as advancements in storm tracking
[56] Innovations In Atmospheric Remote Sensing: From Satellites To Lidar And ... — This review highlights advancements in remote sensing technologies, including innovations in spectral measurements and data processing techniques, which enhance the accuracy and resolution of atmospheric observations. ... J. P., & Brown, A. R. (2020). Advances in atmospheric remote sensing: A review. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 77(3), 1245
[64] Meteorology Advances: Predicting Weather in the 21st Century — The 20th century witnessed further transformation with the development of radar technology during World War II and the launch of the first weather satellite in 1960. These advancements provided unprecedented insights into atmospheric conditions, paving the way for the sophisticated meteorological practices of the 21st century.
[65] Science and Technology - National Weather Service — Advances in science and technology are essential to meeting the National Weather Service (NWS) mission to protect lives and property and enhance the national economy. Some examples of advances as a result of improved science and technology include improving guidance for hurricane track, intensity, and storm surge forecasts; developing an end-to-end air quality forecast capability; advancing research to extend forecast skill beyond 8-10 days; and implementing a weather-scale, fully-coupled numerical weather prediction system. With the implementation of new and enhanced operational capacities that improve upon NWS warning and forecast processes, collaborative decision making, risk communication, and impact-based decision support services, the NWS capitalizes on the advancements in science and technology to move closer to building a Weather-Ready Nation.
[66] Advancements in High-Resolution Weather Forecasting: The Role of Big ... — ⦁ Real-Time Data: Advances in technology have made it possible to collect and transmit weather data in real-time, offering instant insights into changing weather conditions. This transformative journey in data collection has been instrumental in enhancing the granularity and scope of weather forecasting, enabling meteorologists to make predictions with greater confidence and precision.
[67] One Hundred Years of Atmospheric Chemistry - MIT EAPS — MIT TEPCO Professor of Atmospheric Science Ronald Prinn described how the field of atmospheric chemistry has advanced from 1920 to 2020 in a core science keynote address at the 100th Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, the world’s largest yearly gathering for experts in the atmospheric sciences. “The impressive evolution of atmospheric chemistry from the early 20th century to the present day has been driven by a mix of scientific curiosity about the air we live in and breathe on Earth, the desire to understand and mitigate the detrimental impacts of air pollutants and greenhouse gases to humans and the environment, and in the last half century, a parallel quest to understand the atmospheres of other planets,” Prinn said.
[68] Summary | The Atmospheric Sciences: Entering the Twenty-First Century ... — This progress leads the Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC) to the following vision for the atmospheric sciences entering the twenty-first century: Improvements in atmospheric observations, further understanding of atmospheric processes, and advances in technology will continue to enhance the accuracy and resolution of atmospheric
[89] What Are Atmospheric Sciences? - Texas A&M University — The main branches of Atmospheric Science are: Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics involves the study of air motions that lead to thunderstorms, frontal systems, hurricanes and tornadoes. Atmospheric Physics applies principles of physics to study atmospheric processes such as cloud formation, light scattering and energy transfer.
[93] The Different Branches Of Atmospheric Science - WorldAtlas — Atmospheric science is the interdisciplinary study which combines the different components of chemistry and physics that focuses on the dynamics and structure of the atmosphere of Earth. Atmospheric science includes the study of composition, circulation, and the chemical and physical processes of the atmosphere. Atmospheric science extends to planetary science and studying the atmospheres of the different planets in the solar system. Meteorological Phenomena are the observable weather events explained by meteorology.The meteorological phenomena like acid rain, clouds, and hurricane among other, is quantified and described by numerous variables including mass flow, water vapor, temperature, atmosphere and air pressure plus the interactions and variations of these variables and the changes they go through in time.
[100] Understanding Aerosols and Atmospheric Chemistry: How Particles Shape ... — Explore how aerosols impact atmospheric chemistry, shaping weather patterns and climate systems, and their crucial role in environmental processes.
[101] Atmospheric Processes And their Role in Climate (APARC) — 2. Chemistry and Climate Three-way coupling between chemical, dynamical, and radiative processes could have important effects on climate, including modulation of climate sensitivity. APARC promotes a holistic view of the effect of these concurrent changes to understand the implications for climate. In addition, APARC has an identifiable role to play in better understanding the emissions of the
[105] Improving weather forecasts | National Oceanic and Atmospheric ... — Steady increases in NOAA’s supercomputing capacity have allowed improvements in computer forecast modeling, driven by researchers with NOAA’s Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and put into operation for NOAA’s National Weather Service. One of NOAA’s newest supercomputers, nicknamed Luna, runs at 2.8 petaflops to process and analyze earth observations at quadrillions of calculations per second to support weather, water and climate forecast models. Steady increases in NOAA’s supercomputing capacity have allowed improvements in computer forecast modeling, driven by researchers with NOAA’s Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and put into operation for NOAA’s National Weather Service. One of NOAA’s newest supercomputers, nicknamed Luna, runs at 2.8 petaflops to process and analyze earth observations at quadrillions of calculations per second to support weather, water and climate forecast models.
[110] Atmospheric Electrodynamics | Climate, Ions & Radiation — This circuit influences cloud formation, weather patterns, and even climate dynamics. Air Ionization: Ionization in the atmosphere primarily occurs due to cosmic rays, solar radiation, and natural radioactivity, which create ions by knocking electrons off atoms and molecules in the air.
[117] Atmospheric Chemistry: The Role Of Chemistry In The Environment — Chemical Reactions occurring in the atmosphere can transform primary pollutants into secondary pollutants, affecting Air Quality and public health. The presence of pollutants in the atmosphere, including carbon monoxide and particulate matter, poses challenges for both air quality and environmental health. In summary, atmospheric chemistry is pivotal in understanding the complex interactions that influence both climate and air quality. Atmospheric processes encompass a variety of chemical reactions that significantly influence both air quality and climate. Collectively, these pollutants exacerbate climate change and modify atmospheric chemistry. Various processes, such as the formation of ozone and the role of aerosols, illustrate how atmospheric composition affects climate and air quality. The Effects Of Air Pollution On Atmospheric Chemistry
[118] Atmospheric Chemistry of Aerosols and Their Role in Global Climate Change — The chemistry of the atmosphere is the branch of atmospheric research that focuses on chemical processes in the earth's atmosphere. Research in this area is essential for a better understanding of climate change, air quality, and the interactions between atmosphere and biosphere.
[119] Atmospheric chemistry and climate change | EBSCO — Atmospheric chemistry and climate change involves the study of how the composition of the Earth's atmosphere affects global temperatures and climate patterns. The atmosphere, though thin compared to the size of the Earth, plays a critical role in sustaining life and regulating the planet's climate. It contains a mix of gases, primarily nitrogen and oxygen, along with trace gases like carbon
[121] Air pollution and climate change as grand challenges to sustainability — Technological and non-technological solutions are critical in managing air pollution and climate change (Querol et al., 2018). These processes release a cocktail of pollutants that impair air quality while simultaneously contributing to the greenhouse gas emissions driving climate change (Manisalidis et al., 2020). The health risks associated with PM2.5exposure are significant, highlighting the close connection between air pollution and climate change (Orellano et al., 2020). However, climate change may cause the increase of air pollution level because of its impact on meteorological conditions which determine the patterns of pollutants formation and distribution (Pearce et al., 2011). One potential outcome of shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is a significant decrease in air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (Jacobson, 2009; Johnsson et al., 2019).
[123] Trends in the Neutral and Ionized Upper Atmosphere — This article reviews our knowledge of long-term changes and trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. These changes are part of complex and comprehensive pattern of long-term trends in the Earth's atmosphere. They also have practical impact. For example, decreasing thermospheric density causes the lifetime of orbiting space debris to increase, which is becoming a significant threat to
[129] A commentary of "Artificial intelligence models bring new breakthroughs ... — A commentary of “Artificial intelligence models bring new breakthroughs in global accurate weather forecasting”: Top 10 Scientific Advances of 2023, China - PMC Particularly, AI models can provide supplementary information for weather forecasts, especially for high-impact weather and climate events that conventional numerical models struggle to simulate accurately. In addition to Pangu-Weather, a series of independently developed AI atmospheric and oceanic models have emerged in China, such as FuXi , FengWu , NowCast , AI-GOMS , and XiHe . Many universities and institutes including Fudan University, Tsinghua University, National University of Defense Technology, Shanghai AI Lab, and the National Meteorology Center are collaborating to create AI models with advanced skills.
[131] New Record Ocean Temperatures and Related Climate Indicators in 2023 — The global physical and biogeochemical environment has been substantially altered in response to increased atmospheric greenhouse gases from human activities. In 2023, the sea surface temperature (SST) and upper 2000 m ocean heat content (OHC) reached record highs. The 0-2000 m OHC in 2023 exceeded that of 2022 by 15 ± 10 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules) (updated IAP/CAS data); 9 ± 5 ZJ
[133] Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators for Climate Change-Related Health ... — The need to recognize the role of weather, seasonality, climate variability, and long-term climate change on health outcomes and health sector operations. The need to consider decisions and their impacts over multiple overlapping time-scales. The need to acknowledge and address the inherent uncertainty in the rate, magnitude, and pattern
[134] National Climate Assessment team updates key indicators of global ... — Surface temperatures, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, sea ice extent, glacier mass, and many other physical and biological aspects of our climate system are all types of “climate indicators.” The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) recently updated its collection of indicators with the latest data and graphics. The USGCRP collection includes the big names in global indicators—surface and sea surface temperature, greenhouse gas concentrations, sea ice extent, glacier mass balance—but it also includes some more U.S.-focused indicators such as the start of spring, heavy precipitation, and heat waves. The USGCRP also added a new indicator based on an EPA analysis and NOAA data to evaluate trends in U.S. heatwaves—which can cause illness or death, harm agriculture, and impact infrastructure—in order to see how climate change impacts the frequency of heat waves and the length of the heat wave season.
[137] PDF — Global surface air temperature highlights: • 2023 is confirmed as the warmest calendar year in global temperature data records going back to 1850 • 2023 had a global average temperature of 14.98°C, 0.17°C higher than the previous highest annual value in 2016 • 2023 was 0.60°C warmer than the 1991-2020 average and 1.48°C warmer than
[142] ECMWF's AI forecasts become operational — ECMWF has taken the Artificial Intelligence Forecasting System (AIFS) into operations today, 25 February 2025, to run side by side with its traditional physics-based Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) to advance numerical weather prediction. The AIFS is the first fully operational weather prediction open model using machine learning with the widest range of parameters. The AIFS uses the same initial conditions for its forecasts as the IFS. ECMWF’s Director of Forecasts and Services, Florian Pappenberger, added: “We see the AIFS and IFS as complementary, and part of providing a range of products to our user community, who decide what best suits their needs. In addition, a series of AIFS blog posts can be accessed on our website, and AIFS Single forecast charts are available on our charts page.
[143] PDF — Key Methods and Applications: Radar Data with Deep Learning: Models like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) analyze radar data to predict precipitation patterns and storm movements with high spatial resolution. By leveraging vast datasets and sophisticated algorithms, AI/ML models are transforming how meteorologists analyze and predict atmospheric conditions, from short-term weather changes to long-term climate patterns. International Journal on Science and Technology (IJSAT) E-ISSN: 2229-7677 ● Website: www.ijsat.org ● Email: editor@ijsat.org IJSAT25011637 Volume 16, Issue 1, January-March 2025 13 As AI and ML continue to evolve, their role in weather forecasting will only grow, providing more accurate, actionable, and accessible weather predictions that are crucial for a wide range of applications, from disaster management to climate research.
[144] Artificial intelligence for modeling and understanding extreme weather ... — In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has deeply impacted various fields, including Earth system sciences, by improving weather forecasting, model emulation, parameter estimation, and the prediction of extreme events. Recent reviews have explored AI applications for extreme weather and climate events, covering topics like deep learning for medium-range forecasts, sub-seasonal to decadal predictions, and causality and explainability in extreme atmospheric events7,16,17. AI-driven platforms analyze vast amounts of data from weather forecasts, river levels, and historical flood patterns to predict future events accurately, integrating this information with digital maps and urban models to identify high-risk areas (climate-viz.github.io.com). M.-A.F.-T., K.-H.C., M.G.-C., A.H., S.S.-S., M.R., O.-I.P, O-.J.P.-V., and M.Ra. worked on extreme event understanding (XAI, UQ).
[145] Probabilistic weather forecasting with machine learning — GenCast is a probabilistic weather model that generates global 15-day ensemble forecasts at 0.25° resolution, which are more accurate than the top operational ensemble system, ENS of ECMWF. When comparing Brier skill scores (Supplementary Information section A.5.5)—a standard metric for evaluating probabilistic forecasts of binary events—GenCast significantly (P < 0.05) outperforms ENS on predicting the exceedance of the 99.99th, 99.9th and 99th percentiles for high 2 m temperature and 10 m wind speed, and for extremely low temperature and mean sea level pressure below the 0.01st, 0.1st and 1st percentiles (Extended Data Fig. 3). Third, GenCast outperforms ENS across several evaluations that require capturing spatial and temporal dependencies in the joint distribution: pooled evaluation, regional wind power forecasting and tropical cyclone track prediction.
[146] 10 ways AI is being used in Weather Forecasting [2025] — AI algorithms are pivotal in predictive modeling for weather forecasting. By enhancing the starting conditions of predictive models, AI-driven data assimilation significantly improves the reliability of weather forecasts. Optimizing weather prediction models is crucial for efficient and accurate forecasts, and AI is at the forefront of this process. By analyzing historical weather data, current conditions, and predictive models, AI can deliver customized forecasts considering the unique requirements and thresholds of different activities and locations. AI enhances radar systems by improving the interpretation of radar data, which is crucial for accurate weather forecasting and monitoring. From fine-tuning predictive models to delivering personalized weather updates, AI is improving the accuracy of daily forecasts and playing a pivotal role in our readiness for and response to severe weather events.
[150] The 2022 record-high heat waves over southwestern Europe and their ... — This mechanism is consistent with the findings of Mathews et al. (2024), who demonstrated that anomalous warm SSTs in the Gulf Stream region could drive atmospheric responses that amplify the atmospheric blocking events and lead to extreme weather conditions, including HWs. Such interactions suggest the feedback where warm SSTs in the Gulf
[151] Recent global temperature surge intensified by record-low ... - Science — We used CERES satellite and ERA5 [European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5] reanalysis [(17, 18); materials and methods] data to explore the causes of the temperature surge.As synthesized in Fig. 1 and detailed below, we found that the unusually large recent imbalance was mainly driven by a record-low planetary albedo in 2023, continuing a multiannual trend
[168] The Effects of Climate Change - Science@NASA — 3 min read ### NASA Explores Earth Science with New Navigational System article 7 hours ago 2 min read ### Hubble Goes Supernova Hunting article 13 hours ago 1 min read ### Hearing Hubble – On Air Fest article 1 day ago 2 min read ### 2024 YR4 article 5 hours ago 3 min read ### NASA Explores Earth Science with New Navigational System article 7 hours ago 5 min read ### NASA CubeSat Finds New Radiation Belts After May 2024 Solar Storm article 1 day ago Effects that scientists had long predicted would result from global climate change are now occurring, such as sea ice loss, accelerated sea level rise, and longer, more intense heat waves.
[169] Impacts of Climate Change | US EPA — Global average temperature has increased about 1.7°F from 1970 to 2023.1 Changes of one or two degrees in the average temperature of the planet can cause potentially dangerous shifts in climate and weather. These real, observable changes are what we call climate change impacts because they are the visible ways that climate change is affecting the Earth. For example, many places have experienced changes in rainfall, resulting in more floods, droughts, or intense rain, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves. The planet's oceans and glaciers have also experienced changes—oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, ice caps are melting, and sea level is rising. Seeing the Impacts Climate change impacts our health, environment, and economy.
[170] Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide - NOAA Climate.gov — The global average carbon dioxide set a new record high in 2023: 419.3 parts per million. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is now 50 percent higher than it was before the Industrial Revolution. The annual rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 60 years is about 100 times faster than previous natural increases, such as those that occurred at the end of the last ice age 11,000-17,000 years ago. Carbon dioxide concentrations are rising mostly because of the fossil fuels that people are burning for energy. By adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, people are supercharging the natural greenhouse effect, causing global temperature to rise.
[171] Greenhouse gases: Their impact on climate change — In a word: Humans, or more precisely, the human actions that increase greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases are gases in the Earth's atmosphere that produce the greenhouse effect. Changes in the concentration of certain greenhouse gases, from human activity (such as burning fossil fuels), increase the risk of global climate change. They allow the sun to reach and warm the Earth’s surface then block the warmth from escaping back into space. Human activities, including those mentioned above, have continued to increase and have upset the balance of the natural system for several greenhouse gases: methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases and especially carbon dioxide.
[172] Greenhouse Gases | US EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — Importance of Greenhouse Gases Other Factors Affecting Climate Change Greenhouse Gases and Their Sources Impacts of Climate Change ROE Indicators Importance of Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and certain synthetic chemicals, trap some of the Earth's outgoing energy, thus retaining heat in the atmosphere. This heat trapping causes changes in the radiative balance of the Earth—the balance between energy received from the sun and emitted from Earth—that alter climate and weather patterns at global and regional scales. However, beginning in the late 1700s, the net global effect of human activities has been a continual increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. This change in concentrations causes warming and is affecting various aspects of climate, including surface air and ocean temperatures, precipitation, and sea levels. Major greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and various synthetic chemicals.
[188] 10 Human Activities Affecting the Environment — These 10 human activities that affect the environment lie at the heart of escalating climate change issues. As we alter natural habitats, burn fossil fuels and overconsume resources, we see far-reaching impacts threatening global food security, damaging infrastructure, harming human health, undermining biodiversity and leading to environmental degradation. These changes have negative environmental consequences, ultimately impacting the global economy, reducing nature-based services and leading to health concerns. Fragmentation limits biodiversity and degrades ecosystem services – like pollination and water purification – that support human life. Arguably, the most impactful of the 10 human activities that affect the environment is increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Each of these 10 human activities significantly affects our environment and accelerates climate change.
[189] Climate change impacts - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration — Ecosystems and people in the United States and around the world are affected by the ongoing process of climate change today. These events affect things that we depend upon and value, like water, energy, transportation, wildlife, agriculture, ecosystems, and human health. Our changing climate NOAA monitors weather and climate around the world. You can explore more at NOAA’s Global Climate Dashboard. Drought can harm food production and human health.
[190] Human Impact on Ecosystems: Causes and Consequences — The complex relationships in ecosystems highlight the need for a complete approach to conservation, as human actions often cause major disruptions, showing that the health of ecosystems is closely tied to human well-being and the sustainability of the environment (Steven R Gill et al., p. For example, the drop in diadromous fish in Western Europe’s inland waters clearly shows the effects of habitat loss and pollution, as these fish are declining due to poor water quality, river alterations, and invasive species, all largely caused by human actions (Costa-Dias et al.). For example, the drop in diadromous fish species in Western Europe shows how human actions, like changing habitats and bringing in invasive species, have harmed important aquatic ecosystems (Costa-Dias et al.).
[191] Understanding Human Impact on the Environment — Understanding the balance between development and conservation is critical for professionals dedicated to sustainable practices in forestry and environmental management. Because urban areas are expected to continue expanding, forestry professionals and environmental advocates must prioritize sustainable practices and policies that acknowledge and address the multifaceted way urbanization impacts our ecosystems. As the world grapples with issues like deforestation, habitat loss, and climate change, adopting sustainable methods in forestry not only safeguards ecosystems but also ensures that resources remain available for future generations. The engagement of local communities in forestation activities is crucial for the sustainability of forestry practices. Community-Centric Approaches: Engaging local communities in forest management not only empowers them but also leverages traditional knowledge, which can lead to more sustainable and context-sensitive practices.
[192] How Do Humans Affect Ecosystems? - The Environmental Literacy Council — Additionally, the use of pesticides and fertilizers can contaminate soil and water, further impacting the health of surrounding ecosystems. Human activities generate a wide range of pollutants that contaminate air, water, and soil, severely disrupting ecosystem health. Similarly, unregulated mining activities can destroy ecosystems, contaminate water sources, and release harmful pollutants into the environment. Perhaps the most far-reaching and significant human impact on ecosystems is climate change. These changes can significantly impact ecosystems, disrupting water cycles, and damaging habitats. The impacts of human activities on ecosystems are vast and complex, leading to the degradation of habitats, pollution of our air, water, and soil, overexploitation of resources, the spread of invasive species, and climate change.
[202] A sustainable development pathway for climate action within ... - Nature — Advertisement A sustainable development pathway for climate action within the UN 2030 Agenda Nature Climate Change volume 11, pages 656–664 (2021)Cite this article 40k Accesses 144 Citations 245 Altmetric Metrics details Subjects Abstract Ambitious climate policies, as well as economic development, education, technological progress and less resource-intensive lifestyles, are crucial elements for progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, using an integrated modelling framework covering 56 indicators or proxies across all 17 SDGs, we show that they are insufficient to reach the targets. An additional sustainable development package, including international climate finance, progressive redistribution of carbon pricing revenues, sufficient and healthy nutrition and improved access to modern energy, enables a more comprehensive sustainable development pathway. We quantify climate and SDG outcomes, showing that these interventions substantially boost progress towards many aspects of the UN Agenda 2030 and simultaneously facilitate reaching ambitious climate targets.
[208] Methods and Approaches to Writing for the Atmospheric Sciences - Springer — Case studies, climatologies, model experiments, and forecasting methods are common types of research projects in atmospheric science. Each one, though, has its own set of informal rules that governs the design and execution of the research and determines whether the
[210] Statistical methods in the atmospheric sciences [electronic resource ... — It is the uncertainty in atmospheric behavior that continues to move research forward and drive innovations in atmospheric modeling and prediction. This revised and expanded text explains the latest statistical methods that are being used to describe, analyze, test and forecast atmospheric data.
[213] Validation and forecasting accuracy in models of climate change — Validation and forecasting accuracy in models of climate change - ScienceDirect Validation and forecasting accuracy in models of climate change Validation and forecasting accuracy in models of climate change: Comments The evaluation of such models is necessarily multi-faceted, but we pay particular attention here to the role of forecasting benchmarks and forecast encompassing,2 an aspect neglected by climate modellers generally, as well as by the IPCC Working Group 1 discussion of the evaluation of climate models in Chapter 8 of the Fourth Report (Randall et al., 2007). Decadal prediction is important both from the perspective of climate-model validation and for assessing the impact of the forecasts and the corresponding forecast errors on policy.
[214] Evaluating the Performance of Past Climate Model Projections — Two primary factors influence the long-term performance of model GMST projections: (1) the accuracy of the model physics, including the sensitivity of the climate to external forcings and the resolution or parameterization of various physical processes such as heat uptake by the deep ocean and (2) the accuracy of projected changes in external
[218] Physics and Chemistry of Clouds - Cambridge University Press & Assessment — Clouds affect our daily weather and play key roles in the global climate. Through their ability to precipitate, clouds provide virtually all of the fresh water on Earth and are a crucial link in the hydrologic cycle. ... Physics and Chemistry of Clouds is an invaluable textbook for advanced students in atmospheric science, meteorology
[221] Application of machine learning in atmospheric pollution research: A ... — Machine learning (ML) is an auxiliary research technique that can be used to predict pollutant concentrations without requiring certain data, such as emission inventories, and to identify nonlinear relationships between pollutants, thus addressing the shortcomings of the two aforementioned models (Masih, 2019; Wang et al., 2023b). The research content of this review was to summarize the application of ML in the three aforementioned three fields of atmospheric pollution: 1) The application of ML in atmospheric pollutant prediction, including the principles of prediction, factors affecting prediction results, methods to improve prediction performance, and the application of interpretable tools in ML; 2) The application of ML in particulate matter source apportionment, including the use of ML and positive matrix factorization (PMF) methods to obtain the nonlinear relationship between pollution sources and the identification of the number of pollution sources through clustering algorithms; 3) the application of ML in the relationship between atmospheric pollution and human health, including the evaluation of exposure concentration and exposure outcomes of atmospheric pollutants, clarification of the relationship between PM properties and toxicity, and identification of the main toxic substances in PM.
[235] Enabling Exchange and Adequate Use of Data for Observation Based ... — Systematic long-term field observations have played a vital role in advancing atmospheric research over the past several decades. The use of these observations has expanded from primarily characterizing atmospheric processes and trends to evaluating satellite measurements, assessing models, and improving air quality forecasts. Consequently, the demand for atmospheric chemistry observational
[236] Global Atmospheric Composition Observations: The Heart of ... - AMETSOC — The coupling of observational data flow with Earth system models serving both operational and research purposes will catalyze atmospheric composition research, application, and user-community engagement where user experience feeds back into the research components, and where mature research results are translated into operational applications.
[237] Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere | EBSCO Research Starters — Remote sensing of the atmosphere involves the use of advanced technologies to study and monitor the Earth's atmospheric layers, which are essential for weather forecasting and understanding climate dynamics. This field employs various remote sensing techniques, including radar, lidar, and passive imaging systems, to analyze atmospheric gases and aerosols across five distinct layers: the
[238] Advancing application of satellite remote sensing technologies for ... — The advent of satellite remote sensing monitoring (SRSM) has revolutionized traditional monitoring constraints, particularly limited spatial coverage and resolution. This innovation finds profound utility in quantifying land covers and air pollution data, casting new light on epidemiological and geographical investigations.
[239] Frontiers | Remote Sensing for Global Good: Solutions for Human ... — Integrating remote sensing technologies with interdisciplinary research amplifies their potential for addressing these challenges. This integration fosters collaboration across fields such as ecology, geography, environmental management, public health, and the social sciences, leading to holistic solutions for social good.
[252] Atmosphere News -- ScienceDaily — Jan. 31, 2025 — A new study of satellite imagery and high-resolution climate model data upends previous assumptions and provides insight about how the atmosphere and ocean weather patterns interact. Jan. 17, 2025 — Atmospheric scientists show proposed 'geoengineering' effort to remove methane, a potent greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere could worse air quality while providing minimal climate ... Dec. 19, 2024 — Scientists are changing our understanding of climate and weather on Mars and providing critical insights into Earth's atmospheric processes as ... Nov. 8, 2024 — Atmospheric aerosol particles are essential for the formation of clouds and precipitation, thereby influencing the Earth's energy budget, water cycle, and climate.
[255] ACP - Opinion: How will advances in aerosol science inform our ... — With advances in satellite remote sensing, aerosol-optical-depth (AOD) measurements of entire atmospheric columns now provide a much more accurate assessment of exposure to ground-level total PM mass at a relatively high time resolution.
[256] A review of advances in the retrieval of aerosol properties by remote ... — Using satellite observation data to retrieve atmospheric pollution parameters has become a common technique in the field of remote sensing. Compared with the traditional single-angle and only intensity detection signal loads, multi-angle with/or polarized remote sensing observation instruments provide new ideas for detecting aerosol parameters.
[257] Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite (CALIPSO) - NASA ... — The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite provides new insight into the role that clouds and atmospheric aerosols (airborne particles) play in regulating Earth's weather, climate, and air quality.
[259] Climate Change Impacts :: Atmospheric Science - UC Davis — Climate Change Impacts The Climate Change Impacts group at UC Davis examines the impact of climate change on society, including on specific sectors of the economy and on various ecosystem services. Research projects have focused on a number of topics, including investigating how climate change has impacted and will continue to impact agricultural production, and forestry and wildfire, water
[282] What Are the Challenges in Addressing Air Pollution? — Addressing air pollution involves multiple challenges, including the need for accurate monitoring, the complexity of airborne pollutants, and the transboundary nature of air pollution. Regulations must be stringent enough to reduce emissions from industrial sources, vehicles, and agriculture, while also being flexible enough to adapt to new scientific findings.
[283] Toward cleaner air and better health: Current state ... - Science — Nevertheless, the challenges in implementing air quality management policies and seeing the resulting benefits to health are huge, particularly in LMICs.
[284] Harnessing science, policy, and law to deliver clean air — As analytical capability continues to advance, new areas of possible targeted abatement present themselves to policymakers, such as microplastics and nonexhaust emissions from road transport. Balancing the state of the science within ambient air quality laws, while also providing certainty and stability in legal regimes, is a major challenge.
[285] PDF — Yet a number of serious air quality management challenges remain, from the areas with lingering nonattainment problems with ozone and particulate matter to heightened awareness and concern over exposure to air toxics; from the relatively high background levels of air pollution (some of it from international transport) to the effect of air pollution on climate change – and vice versa. Other Effects of Air Pollution/Interactions In addition to addressing the lingering nonattainment problems for ozone and PM and ongoing air toxics problems, air quality management must also confront other effects of air pollution including climate change and ecosystem impacts.